FLOCKS (Wool)

1) General subject: common wool, downrights, flock

2) Engineering: coarse wool

3) Agriculture: brashy wool, brittle wool, harsh wool, wiry wool

4) Textile: bull's wool, cast, cast wool, haslock

5) Makarov: flocks

vellus, ĕris, n. [Sanscr. ura for vara, sheep; root var, to cover; Gr. er-ion, eiros, wool; Goth. vulla; Germ. Wolle].

Lit., wool shorn off, a fleece:

pastores Palatini ex ovibus ante tonsuram inventam vellere lanam sunt soliti: a quo vellera dicuntur,

Varr. L. L. 5, §§ 54 and 130 Müll.; id. R. R. 2, 11, 9; Plin. 27, 7, 28, § 50; Lucr. 6, 504; Hor. Epod. 12, 21; id. Ep. 1, 10, 27; Ov. M. 6, 21; 14, 264.—

Transf.

The skin of a sheep with the wool on it, the fell or pelt entire, Col. 7, 4, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 62; Verg. E. 3, 95; id. A. 7, 95; Ov. H. 18, 144; id. F. 5, 102.

The hide, pelt of any other animal:

fulvi leonis,

Ov. F. 2, 340; cf. id. ib. 5, 396:

cervina,

id. M. 6, 593; cf. id. ib. 3, 197:

ferina,

id. ib. 11, 4.—

A sheep:

cultrosque in guttura velleris atri Conicit,

Ov. M. 7, 244; cf. Calp. Ecl. 2, 7.—

Of woolly material.

Wool, down: velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres, i. e. the fleeces or flocks of silk, Verg. G. 2, 121.—

Of light, fleecy clouds:

tenuia nec lanae per caelum vellera ferri,

Verg. G. 1, 397; so Luc. 4, 124.—

Of snow-flakes, Mart. 4, 3, 1.—

Of things made of wool: Parnasia, woollen bands or fillets, Stat. S. 5, 3, 8.

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Textiles

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Titus Salt arrived in Bradford with his father, who was a wool merchant in the town, in 1822. He soon set up his own company and it was there that he experimented with the textile worsted. Alpaca wool comes from an animal of the camel family that resembles the llama, and flocks of domesticated breeds of the animal had been raised in the high Andes since the days of the Incas. The wool was introduced into Europe via Spain and, later, Germany and France. The first attempts to spin and weave the yarn in England were made in 1808, but despite experimentation over the years the material was difficult to work. It was in 1836 that Salt evolved his method of utilizing a cotton warp with part alpaca weft. The method proved a great success and Bradford gained a reputation as a manufacturing centre for alpaca wool, exporting both yarn and cloth in quantity, especially to the USA. By 1850 Salt, who owned six mills, was Bradford's biggest employer and was certainly its richest citizen. He decided to move out of the city and built a new mill works, the architects of which were Lockwood and Mawson, on the banks of the River Aire a few miles from the city. Around the works, between 1851 and 1871, he built houses, a hospital, library, church, institute and almshouses for his workers. The buildings were solid, good-standard structures of local stone and the houses were pleasantly situated, with their amenities making them seem palaces compared to the slums in which other Bradford textile workers lived at the time. The collection of buildings was the first example in Britain of a "model new town", and was, indeed still is, a remarkable prototype of its kind. Apart from being a philanthropist and social reformer, Salt was also concerned with taking advantage of the technical developments of his time. His mill works, which eventually covered ten acres of land, was of fashionably Italianate architectural style (its chimney even a copy of the campanile of the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa in Venice), although its structure was of iron framing. The weaving shed held 1,200 looms and had capacity for 3,000 workers, who produced 30,000 yards of cloth per day. Water from the river was used to produce steam to power the matchinery used in the manufacturing processes of scouring, dyeing and finishing. For the export of goods, the nearby Leeds-Liverpool Canal linked the works to Britain's chief ports, and the Midland Railway (an extension of the LeedsBradford line which opened in 1846) was of great use for the same purpose.

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κρόκη, ἡ, heterocl. acc.

A

κρόκα Hes.Op. 538

, nom. pl.

κρόκες AP6.335

(Antip.): nom. [full] κρόξ only in Hsch.: ([etym.] κρέκω):—thread which is passed between the threads of the warp, woof, Hes. l.c., Hdt.2.35, Pl. Plt. 282d, 282e, Cra. 388b;

κ. καὶ στήμων PLille6.12

(iii B. C.);

νῶσαι μαλθακωτάτην κ. Eup.319

, cf. Men.892;

κρόκας ἐμβάλλειν Arist.HA 623a11

.

2 generally, thread, Hp.Morb.2.18, Luc.Nav.26, etc.

3 = κροκύς, flock or nap of woollen cloth, ἐν Ἐκβατάνοισι γίγνεται κρόκης χόλιξ; Ar.V. 1144: pl., μαλακαῖσι κρόκαις with cloths of soft wool, Pi.N. 10.44; κρόκαισι with flocks of wool, S.OC 474; τρίβωνες ἐκβαλόντες.. κρόκας having lost the nap, worn out, E.Fr.282.12; τῆς κ. φορουμένης the wool being torn to pieces, Ar.Lys. 896, cf. Th. 738; κρόκη θαψίνη yellow wool, IG12.330.17.

II = κροκάλη, pebble on the sea-shore, Arist.Mech. 852b29; ἐν κρόκῃσι on the pebbles of the shore, Lyc.107, 193, etc.

ἔριον, τό, [dialect] Ion. [full] εἴριον GDIiv p.876 (Chios, iv B. C., also written ἔρια ibid.), Hdt., Hp., and always in Hom. (indicating ἐρϝ-) exc. gen. ἐρίοιο in Od.4.124:—

A wool, Il.12.434, Od.l.c., Pl.Smp. 175d ; ἐρίῳ στέψαντες, i.e. with woollen fillets, Id.R. 398a, etc.: freq. in pl., Il. 3.388, Od.18.316 ; εἴρια ῥυπαρά, ἔρια οἰσυπηρά, greasy wool, Hp. Fract.21, Dsc.2.74 ;

ἔρια καθαρά PCair.Zen.12.62

(iii B. C.); τἄρια, crasis for τὰ ἔ., Ar.Ra. 1387 ; οὖλα ἔρια ib. 1067 ; ἔ. πεπταμένα outspread flocks of wool, Id.Nu. 343 ;

ἐρίων τάλαντον Id.V. 1147

;

τὰ Μιλήσια ἔ. Eub.90.3

, cf. Amphis 27.1 ;

εἴρια ἀπὸ ξύλου

cotton,

Hdt.3

. 47, cf. 106 ; τὸ ἔ. [τῆς ἀράχνης] a spider's web, Philostr.Im.2.28 ; τὰ ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ἔ., of the byssus of the pinna, Alciphr.1.2. (

ἔρια Schwyzer 180

([place name] Crete ) without initial ϝ-; Lat. vervex perh. not cogn.)

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `flock of wool' (Hes. Op. 234, Miletos VI^a, A., S., Herod.);

Compounds: compp., e.g. πηγεσί-μαλλος `with tight woolflocks' (Γ 197).

Derivatives: μαλλωτός `provided with wool-flocks, lined w.' (Pl. Com., Str.) with μαλλωτάριον `sheepskin' (pap. V--VI^p); μάλλωσις `lining with wool' (sch.; on the nomin. abl. Chantraine Form. 279, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 152). Further μάλλυκες τρίχες H. (after ἄμπυκες, κάλυκες v. t.); with simplification of the double λ: μάλιον `long hair, pigtail' (AP 11, 157, Herm. Trism.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Unexplained. By Fick KZ 20, 176 connected with Lith. mìlas `coarse, selfwoven woolen cloth'; doubting or rejecting Bq, WP. 2, 294, Pok. 721; s. also W.-Hofmann s. floccus and mollestrās, with untenable hypotheses. The word can hardly be IE (* mh₂l-?).

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(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).

* * *

n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.

2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).

II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.

B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.

2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.

C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: ` weave, strike a atringed instrument with a plektron', metaph. `give a sound, raise (a song)' (Sapph., Pi., Ar. in lyr., AP).

Other forms: Aor. (late) κρέξαι.

Compounds: rarely with ὑπο-, δια-, συν-.

Derivatives: With κροκ- f. in acc. sg. κρόκ-α (Hes. Op. 538), nom. pl. κρόκ-ες (AP 6, 335), sg. κρόξ only H., Theognost.; further κρόκη (IA.) `thread which is passed between the threads of the warp, woof, (woollen) cloth'. From κρόκη: κρόκιον `woollen band' (Antikl. 13), κροκίς f. `sundew, fly-strap, Drosera' (Apollod. ap. Plin. HN 24, 167), κροκύς f. `flock of wool' (IA.) with κροκύδιον (Gal.), κροκυδίζω `pluck off flocks of wool' (com., Gal.), - ισμός (Gal.); κροκόω `weave, envelop in wooll' (Dionys. ap. St. Byz., Phot.) ; κροκισμός `cloth' (sch.; as from *κροκίζω). - κρεγμός m. `sound of stringed instruments' (Epich., A. R., Poll.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [618] * krek- `strike, also to fasten the cloth'

Etymology: Orig. prob. a term of weaving, κρέκω was also transferred to playing stringed instruments. The present κρέκω is isolated; Germanic has several nouns, that point to such a primary verb: OWNo. hræll m. (\< PGm. *hráhilaz; would be Gr. *κρόκιλος) `staff to fasten the cloth', OE hrēol (\< PGm. *hréhulaz) `reel', NEngl. reel; with grammatical change OE hrægl n. `cloth, garment', OHG hregil n. `indument, spolium'. Also several Balto-Slavic words have been compared: Lith. krẽkles `zerlumpte Kleider, tatters', Latv. krękls `shirt'; Slavic expressions for `strike fire etc.', e. g. Russ. krešú, kresítь; words for `weaving chair(?)', e.g. Russ. krosno; all uncertain or to be rejected, cf. Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. and Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. vv. More uncetain combinations in WP. 1, 483 f.

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1) General subject: flocks

2) Agriculture: cotty wool

1) General subject: flocks

2) Agriculture: cotty wool

* * *

borra s.f.

1 (tess.) dropping; waste wool; flocks (pl.)

2 ( imbottitura) stuffing

3 (mil.) ( stoppaccio) wad

4 (fig.) ( robaccia) rubbish, trash [U]; ( parole superflue) waffle [U].